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The free rider problem occurs when an individual or group benefits from a good or service without contributing to the cost of producing or providing that good or service. This effect is associated with public goods, which are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that they are available to everyone and one person's consumption doesn't diminish their availability to others.

To better understand the free rider problem, we must first look at the two main characteristics of public goods: 1. Non-excludability: It is difficult or impossible to prevent others from enjoying the benefits of a public good once it is produced. This means that people cannot be excluded from using the good or service even if they don't pay for it. 2. Non-rivalrous: The consumption of a public good by one person does not reduce its availability or enjoyment by others. In other words, multiple people can consume the good without "using it up." These characteristics contribute to the free rider problem because individuals can take advantage of public goods without bearing any cost.

Some examples of the free rider problem include: 1. National Defense: A country's military provides protection to all citizens, regardless if they contribute to its funding through taxes. This means that people who don't pay their taxes can still enjoy the security provided by the military, which is a classic example of free-riding. 2. Public parks and recreational facilities: When a city builds a park, individuals can use it without paying an entrance fee. While it's funded by taxpayers, non-taxpaying visitors can still enjoy the park, resulting in a free rider problem. 3. Air quality improvements: If an organization invests in reducing air pollution, the improved air quality benefits everyone in the region, not just the contributing organization. Non-contributing individuals and businesses still receive the benefits of cleaner air without bearing the costs.

The free rider problem arises from the nature of public goods, which are non-excludable and non-rivalrous. Individuals can consume these goods without paying for them, leading to inefficient allocation of resources and under-provision of public goods. Understanding the free rider problem is essential for policymakers to find effective solutions in the provision and funding of public goods and services.