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Chapter 2: Question 10Q (page 61)

Expenses, losses, and distributions to owners are all decreases in net assets. What are the distinctions among them?

Short Answer

Expert verified

Expenses differ from losses as they arise from the day-to-day activities of the business. On the other hand, losses arise from peripheral and accidental transactions.

Distributions to owners differ from the expenses and losses as it refers to the transfer made to owners; they do not result from the activities done to generate income.

Step by step solution

01

Definition of Net Assets

Net assets are the value of a company's assets obtained by subtracting the firm's liabilities from its assets. It helps in analyzing the assets of the company at a certain point in time.

02

Difference between expenses, losses, and distribution to owners

Expenses are the cost incurred in the process of manufacturing goods and services. It arises from the ongoing operations of the business. Examples of expenses include productive wages, freight inward, cartage, or carriage inward.

While losses are referred to as non-operating expenses, they arise from incidental transactions. Examples of losses include loss of stock due to accident, theft, or fire.

On the other hand, distribution to owners differs from the expenses and losses as distribution or sharing to owners refers to the transfer to stockholders or owners. They do not result from any activity; it is the payment of retained earnings of a firm made to its owners. Examples include payment of cash, stock, or physical product to its shareholders.

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Most popular questions from this chapter

E2-3 (L03,7) GROUPWORK (Qualitative Characteristics) SFAC No. 8 identifies the qualitative characteristics that make accounting information useful. Presented below are a number of questions related to these qualitative characteristics and underlying constraint.

(a) What is the quality of information that enables users to confirm or correct prior expectations?

(b) Identify the pervasive constraint developed in the conceptual framework.

(c) The chairman of the SEC at one time noted, 鈥淚f it becomes accepted or expected that accounting principles are determined or modified in order to secure purposes other than economic measurement, we assume a grave risk that confidence in the credibility of our financial information system will be undermined.鈥� Which qualitative characteristic of accounting information should ensure that such a situation will not occur? (Do not use faithful representation.)

(d) Muruyama Corp. switches from FIFO to average-cost to FIFO over a 2-year period. Which qualitative characteristic of accounting information is not followed?

(e) Assume that the profession permits the savings and loan industry to defer losses on investments it sells because immediate recognition of the loss may have adverse economic consequences on the industry. Which qualitative characteristic of accounting information is not followed? (Do not use relevance or faithful representation.)

(f) What are the two fundamental qualities that make accounting information useful for decision-making?

(g) Watteau Inc. does not issue its first-quarter report until after the second quarter鈥檚 results are reported. Which qualitative characteristic of accounting is not followed? (Do not use relevance.)

(h) Predictive value is an ingredient of which of the two fundamental qualities that make accounting information useful for decision-making purposes?

(i) Duggan, Inc. is the only company in its industry to depreciate its plant assets on a straight-line basis. Which qualitative characteristic of accounting information may not be followed?

(j) Roddick Company has attempted to determine the replacement cost of its inventory. Three different appraisers arrive at substantially different amounts for this value. The president, nevertheless, decides to report the middle value for external reporting purposes. Which qualitative characteristic of information is lacking in these data? (Do not use relevance or faithful representation.)

What is the distinction between comparability and consistency?

GROUPWORK (Accounting Principles and Assumptions鈥擟omprehensive) Presented below are a number of business transactions that occurred during the current year for Gonzales, Inc.

Instructions

In each of the situations, discuss the appropriateness of the journal entries in terms of generally accepted accounting principles.

(a) The president of Gonzales, Inc. used his expense account to purchase a new Suburban solely for personal use. The following journal entry was made.Miscellaneous Expense 29,000Cash 29,000

(b) Merchandise inventory that cost \(620,000 is reported on the balance sheet at \)690,000, the expected selling price less estimated selling costs. The following entry was made to record this increase in value.Inventory 70,000Sales Revenue 70,000

(c) The company is being sued for \(500,000 by a customer who claims damages for personal injury apparently caused by a defective product. Company attorneys feel extremely confident that the company will have no liability for damages resulting from the situation. Nevertheless, the company decides to make the following entry.Loss from Lawsuit 500,000Liability for lawsuit 500,000

(d) Because the general level of prices increased during the current year, Gonzales, Inc. determined that there was a \)16,000 understatement of depreciation expense on its equipment and decided to record it in its accounts. The following entryDepreciation Expense 16,000Accumulated Depreciation Equipment 16,000

(e) Gonzales, Inc. has been concerned about whether intangible assets could generate cash in case of liquidation. As a consequence, goodwill arising from a purchase transaction during the current year and recorded at \(800,000 was written off as follows.

(f) Because of a 鈥渇ire sale.鈥� equipment obviously worth \)200,000 was acquired at a cost of $155,000. The following entry was made.Equipment 2000Cash 155,000Sales Revenue 45,000

Question: What two assumptions are central to the IASB conceptual framework?

The life of a business is divided into specific time periods, usually, a year, to measure results of operations for each such time period and to portray financial conditions at the end of each period.

  1. This practice is based on the accounting assumption that the life of the business consists of a series of time periods and that it is possible to measure accurately the results of operations for each period. Comment on the validity and necessity of this assumption.
  2. What has been the effect of the practice on accounting? What is its relation to the accrual system? What influence has it had on accounting entries and methodology?
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